ADB.exe is obsolete and has serious performance problems










65















I am using Windows 10 and when I launch the Virtual Device Emulator in Android Studio I keep getting the message which reads:




"The ADB binary at C:UserssiviwAppDataLocalAndroidSdkplatform-toolsadb.exe is obsolete and has serious performance problems with the Android Emulator. Please update to a newer version to get significantly faster app / file transfer".




I am a new developer with little experience. What do I need to update to a newer version so that message is no longer shown?










share|improve this question



















  • 9





    If you already have the latest version of ADB installed, and still getting the error, this is a known issue. Google hasn't yet provided any other ADB. Click on the "never show again" option and continue.

    – Sunil Kumar
    Jul 30 '18 at 9:24















65















I am using Windows 10 and when I launch the Virtual Device Emulator in Android Studio I keep getting the message which reads:




"The ADB binary at C:UserssiviwAppDataLocalAndroidSdkplatform-toolsadb.exe is obsolete and has serious performance problems with the Android Emulator. Please update to a newer version to get significantly faster app / file transfer".




I am a new developer with little experience. What do I need to update to a newer version so that message is no longer shown?










share|improve this question



















  • 9





    If you already have the latest version of ADB installed, and still getting the error, this is a known issue. Google hasn't yet provided any other ADB. Click on the "never show again" option and continue.

    – Sunil Kumar
    Jul 30 '18 at 9:24













65












65








65


16






I am using Windows 10 and when I launch the Virtual Device Emulator in Android Studio I keep getting the message which reads:




"The ADB binary at C:UserssiviwAppDataLocalAndroidSdkplatform-toolsadb.exe is obsolete and has serious performance problems with the Android Emulator. Please update to a newer version to get significantly faster app / file transfer".




I am a new developer with little experience. What do I need to update to a newer version so that message is no longer shown?










share|improve this question
















I am using Windows 10 and when I launch the Virtual Device Emulator in Android Studio I keep getting the message which reads:




"The ADB binary at C:UserssiviwAppDataLocalAndroidSdkplatform-toolsadb.exe is obsolete and has serious performance problems with the Android Emulator. Please update to a newer version to get significantly faster app / file transfer".




I am a new developer with little experience. What do I need to update to a newer version so that message is no longer shown?







android-studio virtual-device-manager






share|improve this question















share|improve this question













share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited Jul 30 '18 at 17:17









rene

33.8k1181110




33.8k1181110










asked Jul 9 '18 at 7:34









SiviweSiviwe

334127




334127







  • 9





    If you already have the latest version of ADB installed, and still getting the error, this is a known issue. Google hasn't yet provided any other ADB. Click on the "never show again" option and continue.

    – Sunil Kumar
    Jul 30 '18 at 9:24












  • 9





    If you already have the latest version of ADB installed, and still getting the error, this is a known issue. Google hasn't yet provided any other ADB. Click on the "never show again" option and continue.

    – Sunil Kumar
    Jul 30 '18 at 9:24







9




9





If you already have the latest version of ADB installed, and still getting the error, this is a known issue. Google hasn't yet provided any other ADB. Click on the "never show again" option and continue.

– Sunil Kumar
Jul 30 '18 at 9:24





If you already have the latest version of ADB installed, and still getting the error, this is a known issue. Google hasn't yet provided any other ADB. Click on the "never show again" option and continue.

– Sunil Kumar
Jul 30 '18 at 9:24












7 Answers
7






active

oldest

votes


















85














I am new to android as well. dkalev's answer is correct but not very descriptive for a new user. I have outlined the steps below.



  1. Double Shift to open the search box

  2. Type SDK Manager

  3. In the results shown click "SDK Manager"

  4. In the window that opens click the second tab "SDK Tools".
    You should see that there is an update available for SDK Build-Tools on the first line

  5. Check "Show Package Details" in the lower right hand corner

  6. Scroll to the last item under "SDK Build-Tools" and check the box. (Mine was 28.0.1)

  7. Click "Apply"

  8. In the dialogue box that pops up, click "OK"

  9. When the installer finishes, click "Finish"

  10. Uncheck "Show Package Details" and look at "Android SDK Build-Tools" (first line). There should be no update available and it should say "Installed"

  11. Click "OK" to close the SDK Manager

That's all there is to it.



Happy coding






share|improve this answer


















  • 2





    Great answer, really loved the "double shift to open search" tip.

    – Mr.Hunt
    Oct 19 '18 at 13:39











  • It should be an accpeted answer, I got resolved the same issue.

    – Hassan Jamil
    Nov 6 '18 at 6:59











  • Should there be a "Step 6b: also click the last major version in each that is not yet installed" (so 27.0.3, 26.0.3, etc)?

    – Dale
    Feb 27 at 22:00











  • If this doesn't work, check task manager for more than one instance of adb.exe; other apps besides Android Studio might start instances of this program.

    – Dale
    Feb 27 at 22:09


















19














I had the same problem and solved it by updating the Android SDK Build-Tools. Open the SDK manager in Android studio (double shift and type SDK manager). Then on the second tab (SDK Tools) update the Android SDK Build-Tools and the error message should go away.






share|improve this answer























  • well in my case it was itself Emulator to updates.

    – Code Lover
    Feb 23 at 5:18


















5














In my case what removed this message was (After updating everything) deleting the emulator and creating a new one.
Manually updating the adb didn't solved this for. Nor updating via the Android studio Gui.
In my case it seems that since the emulator was created with "old" components it keep showing the message. I had three emulators, just deleted them all and created a new one. For my surprise when it started the message was no more.



Cannot tell if performance is better or not. The message just didn't came up. Also I have everything updated to the latest (emulators and sdk).






share|improve this answer


















  • 2





    Just to add on this matter. After the message went out. I created an older sdk emulator (older than current). And it showed the message again with that particular emulator. But then somewhere in the future the message stop showing at all. If you are with this issue, is a witch hunt for me. And cannot say it will not show again in the future. In my case I will every now and then (after sdk updates) will try to delete and recreate emulators just to keep them with a current revision.

    – soynerdito
    Nov 3 '18 at 10:33


















2














(You mentioned you are new to Android Studio) so I recommend pressing the Android Studio > Help > Check for updates... button that will update your environment.






share|improve this answer






























    2














    Had the same issue but in my case the fix was slightly different, as no updates were showing for the Android SDK Tools. I opened the Virtual Device Manager and realised my emulator was running API 27. Checked back in the SDK Manager and I didn't have API 27 SDK Tools installed at all. Installing v 27 resolved the issue for me.






    share|improve this answer






























      0














      First you need to check which SDK your Emulator is using and as @kuya suggested you need to follow those steps and install the latest version of that SDK Build Tool. Suppose your Emulator uses SDK 27 then you need to install latest in that series. For me it was 27.0.3. After that the error was gone.






      share|improve this answer






























        0














        17-01-2019



        This works for me.
        Just opened Android SDK Manager Then it showed 4 Updates Available. So I just Updated it and No more above warning.



        enter image description here






        share|improve this answer























          protected by Community Jan 17 at 9:15



          Thank you for your interest in this question.
          Because it has attracted low-quality or spam answers that had to be removed, posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site (the association bonus does not count).



          Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?














          7 Answers
          7






          active

          oldest

          votes








          7 Answers
          7






          active

          oldest

          votes









          active

          oldest

          votes






          active

          oldest

          votes









          85














          I am new to android as well. dkalev's answer is correct but not very descriptive for a new user. I have outlined the steps below.



          1. Double Shift to open the search box

          2. Type SDK Manager

          3. In the results shown click "SDK Manager"

          4. In the window that opens click the second tab "SDK Tools".
            You should see that there is an update available for SDK Build-Tools on the first line

          5. Check "Show Package Details" in the lower right hand corner

          6. Scroll to the last item under "SDK Build-Tools" and check the box. (Mine was 28.0.1)

          7. Click "Apply"

          8. In the dialogue box that pops up, click "OK"

          9. When the installer finishes, click "Finish"

          10. Uncheck "Show Package Details" and look at "Android SDK Build-Tools" (first line). There should be no update available and it should say "Installed"

          11. Click "OK" to close the SDK Manager

          That's all there is to it.



          Happy coding






          share|improve this answer


















          • 2





            Great answer, really loved the "double shift to open search" tip.

            – Mr.Hunt
            Oct 19 '18 at 13:39











          • It should be an accpeted answer, I got resolved the same issue.

            – Hassan Jamil
            Nov 6 '18 at 6:59











          • Should there be a "Step 6b: also click the last major version in each that is not yet installed" (so 27.0.3, 26.0.3, etc)?

            – Dale
            Feb 27 at 22:00











          • If this doesn't work, check task manager for more than one instance of adb.exe; other apps besides Android Studio might start instances of this program.

            – Dale
            Feb 27 at 22:09















          85














          I am new to android as well. dkalev's answer is correct but not very descriptive for a new user. I have outlined the steps below.



          1. Double Shift to open the search box

          2. Type SDK Manager

          3. In the results shown click "SDK Manager"

          4. In the window that opens click the second tab "SDK Tools".
            You should see that there is an update available for SDK Build-Tools on the first line

          5. Check "Show Package Details" in the lower right hand corner

          6. Scroll to the last item under "SDK Build-Tools" and check the box. (Mine was 28.0.1)

          7. Click "Apply"

          8. In the dialogue box that pops up, click "OK"

          9. When the installer finishes, click "Finish"

          10. Uncheck "Show Package Details" and look at "Android SDK Build-Tools" (first line). There should be no update available and it should say "Installed"

          11. Click "OK" to close the SDK Manager

          That's all there is to it.



          Happy coding






          share|improve this answer


















          • 2





            Great answer, really loved the "double shift to open search" tip.

            – Mr.Hunt
            Oct 19 '18 at 13:39











          • It should be an accpeted answer, I got resolved the same issue.

            – Hassan Jamil
            Nov 6 '18 at 6:59











          • Should there be a "Step 6b: also click the last major version in each that is not yet installed" (so 27.0.3, 26.0.3, etc)?

            – Dale
            Feb 27 at 22:00











          • If this doesn't work, check task manager for more than one instance of adb.exe; other apps besides Android Studio might start instances of this program.

            – Dale
            Feb 27 at 22:09













          85












          85








          85







          I am new to android as well. dkalev's answer is correct but not very descriptive for a new user. I have outlined the steps below.



          1. Double Shift to open the search box

          2. Type SDK Manager

          3. In the results shown click "SDK Manager"

          4. In the window that opens click the second tab "SDK Tools".
            You should see that there is an update available for SDK Build-Tools on the first line

          5. Check "Show Package Details" in the lower right hand corner

          6. Scroll to the last item under "SDK Build-Tools" and check the box. (Mine was 28.0.1)

          7. Click "Apply"

          8. In the dialogue box that pops up, click "OK"

          9. When the installer finishes, click "Finish"

          10. Uncheck "Show Package Details" and look at "Android SDK Build-Tools" (first line). There should be no update available and it should say "Installed"

          11. Click "OK" to close the SDK Manager

          That's all there is to it.



          Happy coding






          share|improve this answer













          I am new to android as well. dkalev's answer is correct but not very descriptive for a new user. I have outlined the steps below.



          1. Double Shift to open the search box

          2. Type SDK Manager

          3. In the results shown click "SDK Manager"

          4. In the window that opens click the second tab "SDK Tools".
            You should see that there is an update available for SDK Build-Tools on the first line

          5. Check "Show Package Details" in the lower right hand corner

          6. Scroll to the last item under "SDK Build-Tools" and check the box. (Mine was 28.0.1)

          7. Click "Apply"

          8. In the dialogue box that pops up, click "OK"

          9. When the installer finishes, click "Finish"

          10. Uncheck "Show Package Details" and look at "Android SDK Build-Tools" (first line). There should be no update available and it should say "Installed"

          11. Click "OK" to close the SDK Manager

          That's all there is to it.



          Happy coding







          share|improve this answer












          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer










          answered Jul 27 '18 at 2:21









          KuyaKuya

          2,54931026




          2,54931026







          • 2





            Great answer, really loved the "double shift to open search" tip.

            – Mr.Hunt
            Oct 19 '18 at 13:39











          • It should be an accpeted answer, I got resolved the same issue.

            – Hassan Jamil
            Nov 6 '18 at 6:59











          • Should there be a "Step 6b: also click the last major version in each that is not yet installed" (so 27.0.3, 26.0.3, etc)?

            – Dale
            Feb 27 at 22:00











          • If this doesn't work, check task manager for more than one instance of adb.exe; other apps besides Android Studio might start instances of this program.

            – Dale
            Feb 27 at 22:09












          • 2





            Great answer, really loved the "double shift to open search" tip.

            – Mr.Hunt
            Oct 19 '18 at 13:39











          • It should be an accpeted answer, I got resolved the same issue.

            – Hassan Jamil
            Nov 6 '18 at 6:59











          • Should there be a "Step 6b: also click the last major version in each that is not yet installed" (so 27.0.3, 26.0.3, etc)?

            – Dale
            Feb 27 at 22:00











          • If this doesn't work, check task manager for more than one instance of adb.exe; other apps besides Android Studio might start instances of this program.

            – Dale
            Feb 27 at 22:09







          2




          2





          Great answer, really loved the "double shift to open search" tip.

          – Mr.Hunt
          Oct 19 '18 at 13:39





          Great answer, really loved the "double shift to open search" tip.

          – Mr.Hunt
          Oct 19 '18 at 13:39













          It should be an accpeted answer, I got resolved the same issue.

          – Hassan Jamil
          Nov 6 '18 at 6:59





          It should be an accpeted answer, I got resolved the same issue.

          – Hassan Jamil
          Nov 6 '18 at 6:59













          Should there be a "Step 6b: also click the last major version in each that is not yet installed" (so 27.0.3, 26.0.3, etc)?

          – Dale
          Feb 27 at 22:00





          Should there be a "Step 6b: also click the last major version in each that is not yet installed" (so 27.0.3, 26.0.3, etc)?

          – Dale
          Feb 27 at 22:00













          If this doesn't work, check task manager for more than one instance of adb.exe; other apps besides Android Studio might start instances of this program.

          – Dale
          Feb 27 at 22:09





          If this doesn't work, check task manager for more than one instance of adb.exe; other apps besides Android Studio might start instances of this program.

          – Dale
          Feb 27 at 22:09













          19














          I had the same problem and solved it by updating the Android SDK Build-Tools. Open the SDK manager in Android studio (double shift and type SDK manager). Then on the second tab (SDK Tools) update the Android SDK Build-Tools and the error message should go away.






          share|improve this answer























          • well in my case it was itself Emulator to updates.

            – Code Lover
            Feb 23 at 5:18















          19














          I had the same problem and solved it by updating the Android SDK Build-Tools. Open the SDK manager in Android studio (double shift and type SDK manager). Then on the second tab (SDK Tools) update the Android SDK Build-Tools and the error message should go away.






          share|improve this answer























          • well in my case it was itself Emulator to updates.

            – Code Lover
            Feb 23 at 5:18













          19












          19








          19







          I had the same problem and solved it by updating the Android SDK Build-Tools. Open the SDK manager in Android studio (double shift and type SDK manager). Then on the second tab (SDK Tools) update the Android SDK Build-Tools and the error message should go away.






          share|improve this answer













          I had the same problem and solved it by updating the Android SDK Build-Tools. Open the SDK manager in Android studio (double shift and type SDK manager). Then on the second tab (SDK Tools) update the Android SDK Build-Tools and the error message should go away.







          share|improve this answer












          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer










          answered Jul 10 '18 at 8:30









          dkalevdkalev

          1986




          1986












          • well in my case it was itself Emulator to updates.

            – Code Lover
            Feb 23 at 5:18

















          • well in my case it was itself Emulator to updates.

            – Code Lover
            Feb 23 at 5:18
















          well in my case it was itself Emulator to updates.

          – Code Lover
          Feb 23 at 5:18





          well in my case it was itself Emulator to updates.

          – Code Lover
          Feb 23 at 5:18











          5














          In my case what removed this message was (After updating everything) deleting the emulator and creating a new one.
          Manually updating the adb didn't solved this for. Nor updating via the Android studio Gui.
          In my case it seems that since the emulator was created with "old" components it keep showing the message. I had three emulators, just deleted them all and created a new one. For my surprise when it started the message was no more.



          Cannot tell if performance is better or not. The message just didn't came up. Also I have everything updated to the latest (emulators and sdk).






          share|improve this answer


















          • 2





            Just to add on this matter. After the message went out. I created an older sdk emulator (older than current). And it showed the message again with that particular emulator. But then somewhere in the future the message stop showing at all. If you are with this issue, is a witch hunt for me. And cannot say it will not show again in the future. In my case I will every now and then (after sdk updates) will try to delete and recreate emulators just to keep them with a current revision.

            – soynerdito
            Nov 3 '18 at 10:33















          5














          In my case what removed this message was (After updating everything) deleting the emulator and creating a new one.
          Manually updating the adb didn't solved this for. Nor updating via the Android studio Gui.
          In my case it seems that since the emulator was created with "old" components it keep showing the message. I had three emulators, just deleted them all and created a new one. For my surprise when it started the message was no more.



          Cannot tell if performance is better or not. The message just didn't came up. Also I have everything updated to the latest (emulators and sdk).






          share|improve this answer


















          • 2





            Just to add on this matter. After the message went out. I created an older sdk emulator (older than current). And it showed the message again with that particular emulator. But then somewhere in the future the message stop showing at all. If you are with this issue, is a witch hunt for me. And cannot say it will not show again in the future. In my case I will every now and then (after sdk updates) will try to delete and recreate emulators just to keep them with a current revision.

            – soynerdito
            Nov 3 '18 at 10:33













          5












          5








          5







          In my case what removed this message was (After updating everything) deleting the emulator and creating a new one.
          Manually updating the adb didn't solved this for. Nor updating via the Android studio Gui.
          In my case it seems that since the emulator was created with "old" components it keep showing the message. I had three emulators, just deleted them all and created a new one. For my surprise when it started the message was no more.



          Cannot tell if performance is better or not. The message just didn't came up. Also I have everything updated to the latest (emulators and sdk).






          share|improve this answer













          In my case what removed this message was (After updating everything) deleting the emulator and creating a new one.
          Manually updating the adb didn't solved this for. Nor updating via the Android studio Gui.
          In my case it seems that since the emulator was created with "old" components it keep showing the message. I had three emulators, just deleted them all and created a new one. For my surprise when it started the message was no more.



          Cannot tell if performance is better or not. The message just didn't came up. Also I have everything updated to the latest (emulators and sdk).







          share|improve this answer












          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer










          answered Oct 18 '18 at 13:56









          soynerditosoynerdito

          40138




          40138







          • 2





            Just to add on this matter. After the message went out. I created an older sdk emulator (older than current). And it showed the message again with that particular emulator. But then somewhere in the future the message stop showing at all. If you are with this issue, is a witch hunt for me. And cannot say it will not show again in the future. In my case I will every now and then (after sdk updates) will try to delete and recreate emulators just to keep them with a current revision.

            – soynerdito
            Nov 3 '18 at 10:33












          • 2





            Just to add on this matter. After the message went out. I created an older sdk emulator (older than current). And it showed the message again with that particular emulator. But then somewhere in the future the message stop showing at all. If you are with this issue, is a witch hunt for me. And cannot say it will not show again in the future. In my case I will every now and then (after sdk updates) will try to delete and recreate emulators just to keep them with a current revision.

            – soynerdito
            Nov 3 '18 at 10:33







          2




          2





          Just to add on this matter. After the message went out. I created an older sdk emulator (older than current). And it showed the message again with that particular emulator. But then somewhere in the future the message stop showing at all. If you are with this issue, is a witch hunt for me. And cannot say it will not show again in the future. In my case I will every now and then (after sdk updates) will try to delete and recreate emulators just to keep them with a current revision.

          – soynerdito
          Nov 3 '18 at 10:33





          Just to add on this matter. After the message went out. I created an older sdk emulator (older than current). And it showed the message again with that particular emulator. But then somewhere in the future the message stop showing at all. If you are with this issue, is a witch hunt for me. And cannot say it will not show again in the future. In my case I will every now and then (after sdk updates) will try to delete and recreate emulators just to keep them with a current revision.

          – soynerdito
          Nov 3 '18 at 10:33











          2














          (You mentioned you are new to Android Studio) so I recommend pressing the Android Studio > Help > Check for updates... button that will update your environment.






          share|improve this answer



























            2














            (You mentioned you are new to Android Studio) so I recommend pressing the Android Studio > Help > Check for updates... button that will update your environment.






            share|improve this answer

























              2












              2








              2







              (You mentioned you are new to Android Studio) so I recommend pressing the Android Studio > Help > Check for updates... button that will update your environment.






              share|improve this answer













              (You mentioned you are new to Android Studio) so I recommend pressing the Android Studio > Help > Check for updates... button that will update your environment.







              share|improve this answer












              share|improve this answer



              share|improve this answer










              answered Jul 10 '18 at 13:28









              IstvanIstvan

              20225




              20225





















                  2














                  Had the same issue but in my case the fix was slightly different, as no updates were showing for the Android SDK Tools. I opened the Virtual Device Manager and realised my emulator was running API 27. Checked back in the SDK Manager and I didn't have API 27 SDK Tools installed at all. Installing v 27 resolved the issue for me.






                  share|improve this answer



























                    2














                    Had the same issue but in my case the fix was slightly different, as no updates were showing for the Android SDK Tools. I opened the Virtual Device Manager and realised my emulator was running API 27. Checked back in the SDK Manager and I didn't have API 27 SDK Tools installed at all. Installing v 27 resolved the issue for me.






                    share|improve this answer

























                      2












                      2








                      2







                      Had the same issue but in my case the fix was slightly different, as no updates were showing for the Android SDK Tools. I opened the Virtual Device Manager and realised my emulator was running API 27. Checked back in the SDK Manager and I didn't have API 27 SDK Tools installed at all. Installing v 27 resolved the issue for me.






                      share|improve this answer













                      Had the same issue but in my case the fix was slightly different, as no updates were showing for the Android SDK Tools. I opened the Virtual Device Manager and realised my emulator was running API 27. Checked back in the SDK Manager and I didn't have API 27 SDK Tools installed at all. Installing v 27 resolved the issue for me.







                      share|improve this answer












                      share|improve this answer



                      share|improve this answer










                      answered Dec 11 '18 at 22:04









                      vinnyhvinnyh

                      11219




                      11219





















                          0














                          First you need to check which SDK your Emulator is using and as @kuya suggested you need to follow those steps and install the latest version of that SDK Build Tool. Suppose your Emulator uses SDK 27 then you need to install latest in that series. For me it was 27.0.3. After that the error was gone.






                          share|improve this answer



























                            0














                            First you need to check which SDK your Emulator is using and as @kuya suggested you need to follow those steps and install the latest version of that SDK Build Tool. Suppose your Emulator uses SDK 27 then you need to install latest in that series. For me it was 27.0.3. After that the error was gone.






                            share|improve this answer

























                              0












                              0








                              0







                              First you need to check which SDK your Emulator is using and as @kuya suggested you need to follow those steps and install the latest version of that SDK Build Tool. Suppose your Emulator uses SDK 27 then you need to install latest in that series. For me it was 27.0.3. After that the error was gone.






                              share|improve this answer













                              First you need to check which SDK your Emulator is using and as @kuya suggested you need to follow those steps and install the latest version of that SDK Build Tool. Suppose your Emulator uses SDK 27 then you need to install latest in that series. For me it was 27.0.3. After that the error was gone.







                              share|improve this answer












                              share|improve this answer



                              share|improve this answer










                              answered Dec 25 '18 at 18:16









                              Amit RayAmit Ray

                              3,08721330




                              3,08721330





















                                  0














                                  17-01-2019



                                  This works for me.
                                  Just opened Android SDK Manager Then it showed 4 Updates Available. So I just Updated it and No more above warning.



                                  enter image description here






                                  share|improve this answer





























                                    0














                                    17-01-2019



                                    This works for me.
                                    Just opened Android SDK Manager Then it showed 4 Updates Available. So I just Updated it and No more above warning.



                                    enter image description here






                                    share|improve this answer



























                                      0












                                      0








                                      0







                                      17-01-2019



                                      This works for me.
                                      Just opened Android SDK Manager Then it showed 4 Updates Available. So I just Updated it and No more above warning.



                                      enter image description here






                                      share|improve this answer















                                      17-01-2019



                                      This works for me.
                                      Just opened Android SDK Manager Then it showed 4 Updates Available. So I just Updated it and No more above warning.



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                                      edited Feb 15 at 9:59









                                      Jossef Harush

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                                      16.4k46675










                                      answered Jan 16 at 21:37









                                      SampathSampath

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                                      32.7k19141242















                                          protected by Community Jan 17 at 9:15



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