I am using Spark Streaming to process data between two Kafka queues but I can not seem to find a good way to write on Kafka from Spark. I have tried this:

input.foreachRDD(rdd =>
 rdd.foreachPartition(partition =>
 partition.foreach 
 case x: String => 
 val props = new HashMap[String, Object]()

 props.put(ProducerConfig.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG, brokers)
 props.put(ProducerConfig.VALUE_SERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG,
 "org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringSerializer")
 props.put(ProducerConfig.KEY_SERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG,
 "org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringSerializer")

 println(x)
 val producer = new KafkaProducer[String, String](props)
 val message = new ProducerRecord[String, String]("output", null, x)
 producer.send(message)
 
 
 )
)

and it works as intended but instancing a new KafkaProducer for every message is clearly unfeasible in a real context and I'm trying to work around it.

I would like to keep a reference to a single instance for every process and access it when I need to send a message. How can I write to Kafka from Spark Streaming?

My first advice would be to try to create a new instance in foreachPartition and measure if that is fast enough for your needs (instantiating heavy objects in foreachPartition is what the official documentation suggests).

Another option is to use an object pool as illustrated in this example:

https://github.com/miguno/kafka-storm-starter/blob/develop/src/main/scala/com/miguno/kafkastorm/kafka/PooledKafkaProducerAppFactory.scala

I however found it hard to implement when using checkpointing.

Another version that is working well for me is a factory as described in the following blog post, you just have to check if it provides enough parallelism for your needs (check the comments section):

http://allegro.tech/2015/08/spark-kafka-integration.html

Yes, unfortunately Spark (1.x, 2.x) doesn't make it straight-forward how to write to Kafka in an efficient manner.

I'd suggest the following approach:

• Use (and re-use) one KafkaProducer instance per executor process/JVM.

Here's the high-level setup for this approach:

1. First, you must "wrap" Kafka's KafkaProducer because, as you mentioned, it is not serializable. Wrapping it allows you to "ship" it to the executors. The key idea here is to use a lazy val so that you delay instantiating the producer until its first use, which is effectively a workaround so that you don't need to worry about KafkaProducer not being serializable.


2. You "ship" the wrapped producer to each executor by using a broadcast variable.


3. Within your actual processing logic, you access the wrapped producer through the broadcast variable, and use it to write processing results back to Kafka.

The code snippets below work with Spark Streaming as of Spark 2.0.

Step 1: Wrapping KafkaProducer

import java.util.concurrent.Future

import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.KafkaProducer, ProducerRecord, RecordMetadata

class MySparkKafkaProducer[K, V](createProducer: () => KafkaProducer[K, V]) extends Serializable 

 /* This is the key idea that allows us to work around running into
 NotSerializableExceptions. */
 lazy val producer = createProducer()

 def send(topic: String, key: K, value: V): Future[RecordMetadata] =
 producer.send(new ProducerRecord[K, V](topic, key, value))

 def send(topic: String, value: V): Future[RecordMetadata] =
 producer.send(new ProducerRecord[K, V](topic, value))



object MySparkKafkaProducer 

 import scala.collection.JavaConversions._

 def apply[K, V](config: Map[String, Object]): MySparkKafkaProducer[K, V] = 
 val createProducerFunc = () => 
 val producer = new KafkaProducer[K, V](config)

 sys.addShutdownHook 
 // Ensure that, on executor JVM shutdown, the Kafka producer sends
 // any buffered messages to Kafka before shutting down.
 producer.close()
 

 producer
 
 new MySparkKafkaProducer(createProducerFunc)
 

 def apply[K, V](config: java.util.Properties): MySparkKafkaProducer[K, V] = apply(config.toMap)

Step 2: Use a broadcast variable to give each executor its own wrapped KafkaProducer instance

import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.ProducerConfig

val ssc: StreamingContext = 
 val sparkConf = new SparkConf().setAppName("spark-streaming-kafka-example").setMaster("local[2]")
 new StreamingContext(sparkConf, Seconds(1))


ssc.checkpoint("checkpoint-directory")

val kafkaProducer: Broadcast[MySparkKafkaProducer[Array[Byte], String]] = 
 val kafkaProducerConfig = 
 val p = new Properties()
 p.setProperty("bootstrap.servers", "broker1:9092")
 p.setProperty("key.serializer", classOf[ByteArraySerializer].getName)
 p.setProperty("value.serializer", classOf[StringSerializer].getName)
 p
 
 ssc.sparkContext.broadcast(MySparkKafkaProducer[Array[Byte], String](kafkaProducerConfig))

Step 3: Write from Spark Streaming to Kafka, re-using the same wrapped KafkaProducer instance (for each executor)

import java.util.concurrent.Future
import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.RecordMetadata

val stream: DStream[String] = ???
stream.foreachRDD rdd =>
 rdd.foreachPartition partitionOfRecords =>
 val metadata: Stream[Future[RecordMetadata]] = partitionOfRecords.map record =>
 kafkaProducer.value.send("my-output-topic", record)
 .toStream
 metadata.foreach metadata => metadata.get() 
 

Hope this helps.

There is a Streaming Kafka Writer maintained by Cloudera (actually spun off from a Spark JIRA [1]). It basically creates a producer per partition, which amortizes the time spent to create 'heavy' objects over a (hopefully large) collection of elements.

The Writer can be found here: https://github.com/cloudera/spark-kafka-writer

I was having the same issue and found this post.

The author solves the problem by creating 1 producer per executor. Instead of sending the producer itself, he sends only a “recipe” how to create a producer in an executor by broadcasting it.

 val kafkaSink = sparkContext.broadcast(KafkaSink(conf))

He uses a wrapper that lazily creates the producer:

 class KafkaSink(createProducer: () => KafkaProducer[String, String]) extends Serializable 

 lazy val producer = createProducer()

 def send(topic: String, value: String): Unit = producer.send(new ProducerRecord(topic, value))
 


 object KafkaSink 
 def apply(config: Map[String, Object]): KafkaSink = 
 val f = () => 
 val producer = new KafkaProducer[String, String](config)

 sys.addShutdownHook 
 producer.close()
 

 producer
 
 new KafkaSink(f)
 
 

The wrapper is serializable because the Kafka producer is initialized just before first use on an executor. The driver keeps the reference to the wrapper and the wrapper sends the messages using each executor's producer:

 dstream.foreachRDD rdd =>
 rdd.foreach message =>
 kafkaSink.value.send("topicName", message)
 
 

Why is it infeasible? Fundamentally each partition of each RDD is going to run independently (and may well run on a different cluster node), so you have to redo the connection (and any synchronization) at the start of each partition's task. If the overhead of that is too high then you should increase the batch size in your StreamingContext until it becomes acceptable (obv. there's a latency cost to doing this).

(If you're not handling thousands of messages in each partition, are you sure you need spark-streaming at all? Would you do better with a standalone application?)

With Spark >= 2.2

Both read and write operations are possible on Kafka using Structured Streaming API

Build stream from Kafka topic

// Subscribe to a topic and read messages from the earliest to latest offsets
val ds= spark
 .readStream // use `read` for batch, like DataFrame
 .format("kafka")
 .option("kafka.bootstrap.servers", "brokerhost1:port1,brokerhost2:port2")
 .option("subscribe", "source-topic1")
 .option("startingOffsets", "earliest")
 .option("endingOffsets", "latest")
 .load()

Read the key and value and apply the schema for both, for simplicity we are making converting both of them to String type.

val dsStruc = ds.selectExpr("CAST(key AS STRING)", "CAST(value AS STRING)")
 .as[(String, String)]

Since dsStruc have the schema, it's accepts all SQL kind operations like filter, agg, select ..etc on it.

Write stream to Kafka topic

dsStruc
 .writeStream // use `write` for batch, like DataFrame
 .format("kafka")
 .option("kafka.bootstrap.servers", "brokerhost1:port1,brokerhost2:port2")
 .option("topic", "target-topic1")
 .start()

More configuration for Kafka integration to read or write

Key artifacts to add in the application

 "org.apache.spark" % "spark-core_2.11" % 2.2.0,
 "org.apache.spark" % "spark-streaming_2.11" % 2.2.0,
 "org.apache.spark" % "spark-sql-kafka-0-10_2.11" % 2.2.0,