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We have several jenkins pipeline jobs setup as "pipeline from scm" that checkout a jenkins file from github and runs it. There is sufficient try/catch based error handling inside the jenkinsfile to trap error conditions and notify the right channels.This blog post goes into a quite a bit of depth about how to achieve this.

However, if there is issue fetching the jenkinsfile in the first place, the job fails silently. How does one generate notifications from general job launch failures before the pipeline is even started?

Jenkins SCM pipeline doesn't have any execution provision similar to catch/finally that will be called if Jenkinsfile load is failed, And I don't think there will be any in future.

However there is this global-post-script which runs groovy script after every build of every job on Jenkins. You have to place that script in $JENKINS_HOME/global-post-script/ directory.

Using this you can send notifications or email to admins based on project that failed and/or reason/exceptions of failure.

Sample code that you can put in script

if ("$BUILD_RESULT" != 'SUCCESS') 
 def job = hudson.model.Hudson.instance.getItem("$JOB_NAME")
 def build = job.getBuild("$BUILD_NUMBER")
 def exceptionsToHandle = ["java.io.FileNotFoundException","hudson.plugins.git.GitException"]
 def foundExection = build
 .getLog()
 .split('n')
 .toList()
 .stream()
 .filter line -> 
 !line.trim().isEmpty() && !exceptionsToHandle.stream().filterex -> line.contains(ex).collect().isEmpty()
 
 .collect()
 .size() > 0;
 println "do something with '$foundExection'"

You can validate your Jenkinsfile before pushing it to repository.

Command-line Pipeline Linter

There are some IDE Integrations as well